Immunology

=[|Immunology PowerPoint (google Docs)]= This is Immunology, presented by OP =The Immune System=

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Table of Contents->

=Vocabulary, learn this.=
 * anaphylactic shock - an acute, whole-body, life-threatening, allergic response
 * apoptosis - changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die
 * B cell - a type of lymphocyte that develops to maturity in the bone marrow. after encountering an antigen, B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, the effector cells of humoral immunity
 * CD4 - a surface protein, present on most helper T cells, that binds to class 2 MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell
 * CD8 - a surface protein, present on most cytotoxic cells, that binds to class 1 MHC molecules on target cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the target cell
 * complement system - a group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, directly lyse (burst) pathogens. The complement system is activated in a cascade initiated by surface antigens on microorganisms or by antigen-antibody complexes.
 * cytokine - any of a group of proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including Macrophages and helper T-cells, that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system
 * dendritic cell - an antigen-presenting cell, located mainly in lymphatic tissues and skin, that is particularly efficient in presenting antigen to naive helper T cells, thereby initiating a primary immune response
 * graft versus host reaction - an attack against a patient's body cells by lymphocytes received in a bone ,arrow transplant
 * immunization - the process of generating a state of immunity by artificial means. in active immunization, a nonpathogenic version of a normally pathogenic microbe is administered, inducing B and T cell responses and immunological memory. In passive immunization, antibodies specific to a particular microbe is administered, conferring immediate but temporary protection. Also called Vaccination
 * immunoglobulin - any of the class of proteins that function as antibodies. Divided into 5 major classes that differ in their distribution and antigen disposal activities
 * lysozyme - a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
 * mast cell - a vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger the inflammatory response
 * primary immune response - the initial acquired immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10 - 17 days
 * secondary immune response - the acquired immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen. the secondary immune response is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration than the primary immune response
 * thymus - a small organ in the thoracic cavity of vertebrates where maturation of T cells is completed

=Khan Academy videos= > http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/b-lymphocytes--b-cells > http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/helper-t-cells > http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/review-of-b-cells---cd4--t-cells-and-cd8--t-cells
 * 1) Role of Phagocytes in Innate or Nonspecific Immunity: http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/role-of-phagocytes-in-innate-or-nonspecific-immunity
 * 2) Types of immune responses: Innate and Adaptive. Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated: http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/types-of-immune-responses--innate-and-adaptive---humoral-vs--cell-mediated
 * 3) B Lymphocytes (B cells) :
 * 1) Professional Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) and MHC II complexes :http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/professional-antigen-presenting-cells--apc--and-mhc-ii-complexes
 * 2) Helper T Cells :
 * 1) Cytotoxic T-cells:http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/cytotoxic-t-cells
 * 2) Review of B cells, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells :
 * 1) Inflammatory Response: http://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/v/inflammatory-response

Phagocytosis: here we see a white blood cell OMNOMNOMing a yeast cell The Human Lymphatic System

=AP Standards=


 * 1) Explain what is meant by nonspecific defense and list the nonspecific lines of defense in the vertebrate body.
 * 2) Distinguish between:
 * 3) innate and acquired immunity
 * 4) humoral and cell mediated response
 * 5) Explain how the physical barrier of skin is reinforced by chemical defenses.
 * 6) Describe the inflammation response, including how it is triggered.
 * 7) Describe the factors that influence phagocytosis during the inflammation response.
 * 8) Explain how the action of natural killer cells differs from the action of phagocytes.
 * 9) Distinguish between antigens and antibodies.
 * 10) Distinguish between antigen and epitope.
 * 11) Explain how B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes recognize specific antigens.
 * 12) Explain how the particular structure of a lymphocyte’s antigen binding site forms during development.
 * 13) Explain the role of recombinase in generating the staggering variability of lymphocytes.
 * 14) Explain why the antigen receptors of lymphocytes are tested for self-reactivity during development.
 * 15) Predict the consequences that would occur if such testing did not take place.
 * 16) Describe the mechanism of clonal selection.
 * 17) Distinguish between effector cells and memory cells.
 * 18) Distinguish between primary and secondary immune responses.
 * 19) Describe the variation found in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its role in the rejection of tissue transplants. Explain the adaptive advantage of this variation.
 * 20) Compare the structures and functions of cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells.
 * 21) Distinguish between humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
 * 22) Describe the roles of helper T lymphocytes in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
 * 23) Explain how cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells defend against tumors.
 * 24) Explain how antibodies interact with antigens.
 * 25) Diagram and label the structure of an antibody and explain how this structure allows antibodies to
 * 26) recognize and bind to antigens, and
 * 27) assist in the destruction and elimination of antigens.
 * 28) Distinguish between the variable (V) and constant (C) regions of an antibody molecule.
 * 29) Describe the production and uses of monoclonal antibodies.
 * 30) Explain how the immune response to Rh factor differs from the response to A and B blood antigens.
 * 31) Describe the potential problem of Rh incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus and explain what precautionary measures may be taken.
 * 32) Describe an allergic reaction, including the roles of IgE, mast cells, and histamine.
 * 33) List three autoimmune disorders and describe possible mechanisms of autoimmunity.
 * 34) Describe the infectious agent that causes AIDS and explain how it enters a susceptible cell.
 * 35) Explain how HIV is transmitted and describe its incidence throughout the world. Note strategies that can reduce a person’s risk of infection.

=Resources:= http://www.visualphotos.com/image/1x3747291/white_blood_cell_englufing_yeast_cell_phagocytosis http://media.web.britannica.com/eb-media/90/20890-004-7A7058C9.gif http://themetapicture.com/white-blood-cell-chasing-a-bacteria/